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Turning off the Graphical Desktop

Turning off the Graphical Desktop

Linux distributions can start and stop the graphical desktop in various ways. For Debian-based systems, the Desktop Manager runs as a service which can be simply stopped. For RPM-based systems, the Desktop Manager is run directly by init when set to run level 5; switching to a different run level stops the desktop.
Use the sudo service gdm stop or sudo service lightdm stop commands, to stop the graphical user interface in Debian-based systems. On RPM-based systems typing sudo telinit 3 may have the same effect of killing the GUI.

Linux based Operating System - BOSS to replace Microsoft Windows in Indian Government.

Linux based Operating System - BOSS to replace Microsoft Windows in Indian Government.

Government of India creates its own Linux based operating system called BOSS.

Linux based Operating System - BOSS to replace Microsoft Windows in Indian Government.


Whether be it the countless attacks by Chinese hackers on key government websites or be it Snowden reports, it has exposed the vulnerabilities in the cyberspace. The Government of India has decided to go its own way and has decided to create its own operating system (OS) and replace all other OSs. This could be a major set-back to the most popular Microsoft Windows, that has so far dominated the operating systems market in India. 
Developed by C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing), a highly improved version of BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions) will be revealed and discussed in an internal meeting in union home ministry this week.
During the past three months of trial, BOSS has successfully fended itself from all kinds of attacks, including vicious attacks planted by the Indian army, who was given the task to attack it to test its vulnerability status.
“It answers government’s need have a fully secure network. Fresh codes unique to the system have been written for the OS. Its source code that makes it safe and secure will have to be guarded at all cost,” sources said.
According to the Snowden reports, India was the most closely inspected nation by the US intelligence agencies. While other countries like China started carrying out R&D on news forms of attacks like the Smart dust, Nano technologies and Al, India still lagged far behind.
India can take an important step to get ready in this direction with the help of the new OS, as both the individual computer as well as the networking can be taken care by it.
For a past few years, the government has been planning to have its own operating system. However, due to absence of proactive and systematic approach and funding, it has it has not been able to take off. The development could not go beyond BOSS which besides being unsafe, in comparison to Microsoft Windows is also not as flexible, user friendly, and adaptable.
According to the sources, the new Linux based OS has been developed with the help of Gujarat Technical University and is totally indigenous, DRDO and private computer geeks has more or less all the features and simplicity of Microsoft Windows. Ever since the Government of India decided to adopt open source software, Microsoft has been losing ground in the government vertical for a while now.
To further smooth the rough edges and prepare it for the use of government ministries, it is believed that the OS would be handed over to department of electronics and information technology (DEITY).
To develop it further, the government can collaborate with indigenous industry giants later to create an open source OS along with other hardware and network systems that would convince and stimulate individuals and other entities to move from other OS like Windows, BlackBerry, Macintosh, RIM etc., sources added.

Linux Distribution and Mirrors Kernel Archives

Linux Distribution and Mirrors Kernel Archives

Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).

Linux Distribution and Mirrors Kernel Archives distros


DescriptionLocation

Arch Linux, A simple, lightweight Linux distribution.

archlinux

CentOS, an Enterprise-class Linux Distribution "derived from sources freely provided to the public by Red Hat

centos

The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN)

CPAN

The Debian Linux distribution

debiandebian-cd

Fedora, Red Hat's "community project" Linux distribution

fedorafedora-altfedora-secondaryfedora-epel

IUS, a community project that provides RPM packages for newer versions of select software for EL distros

ius

Gentoo Linux

gentoogentoo-portage

The Free Software Foundation (The GNU Project)

gnu

The Linux Documentation Project

LDP

Linux Mint

linuxmintlinuxmint-packages

Mageia Project

mageia

OpenSUSE, Novell's "community project" Linux distribution

opensuse

Openwall GNU/*/Linux, a small security-enhanced Linux distro for servers

openwall

Oracle Linux, a repackaged distribution based on RHEL (ISOs only)

oracle

Qubes OS Project, an OS designed to provide strong workstation security via compartmentalization

qubes

sourceware.org, an archive of various free software, mostly development tools

sourceware

Slackware Linux

slackware

Tails, a live distribution aiming to preserve your privacy and anonimity

tails

Ubuntu, a Linux distribution from Canonical

ubuntuubuntu-releases

The Linux Foundation Yocto Project, a deeply embeddable Linux distribution

yocto


Linux Distribution and Mirrors Kernel Archives distros

What is Linux?

What is Linux?

what is linux logoLinux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.
Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher), today Linux also runs on a multitude of other processor architectures, in both 32- and 64-bit variants.


New to Linux?

If you're new to Linux, you don't want to download the kernel, which is just a component in a working Linux system. Instead, you want what is called a distribution of Linux, which is a complete Linux system. There are numerous distributions available for download on the Internet as well as for purchase from various vendors; some are general-purpose, and some are optimized for specific uses. We currently have mirrors of several distributions available at https://mirrors.kernel.org/.

Note, however, that most distributions are very large (several gigabytes), so unless you have a fast Internet link you may want to save yourself some hassle and purchase a CD-ROM with a distribution; such CD-ROMs are available from a number of vendors.

Easy Task Management -htop Task Manager

Easy Task Management -htop Task Manager

Windows has a lot of task manager programs that provide graphical ways to manage open applications and running processes. Linux doesn’t have something like that, but you can achieve something similar with the htop command.
Most Linux distros don’t come with htop installed. If you’re on Ubuntu or an Ubuntu-derived distro, the following should work:
$ sudo apt-get install htop


Once htop is installed, you can run it by typing htop on the command line. When you do, you’ll get a full overview of all the processes running on your system along with details like process IDs, CPU and RAM usage, and how long they’ve been running.
Easy Task Management

What I love about htop, as opposed to the default top command, is the ease of use. Tap the cursor keys left and right to scroll through the details (if they don’t all fit in terminal’s width) and up and down to scroll through the other listed processes.
Other features, like sorting, make it easier to find what you need, and the color-coded text makes it all easier to read at a glance.

What is Open Source?

What is Open Source?

Open source software is software like any other. However it is distinguished by its license, or terms of use, which guarantees certain freedoms, in contrast to closed proprietary software which restricts these rights. Open source software guarantees the right to access and modify the source code, and to use, reuse and redistribute the software, all with no royalty or other costs. In some cases, there can be an obligation to share improvements with all.

Open Source software is a software whose source code are distributed freely and openly. Open source describes computer software for which:
  • The source code is available to the end-user.
  • The source code can be modified by the end-user.
  • There are no restriction on redistribution or use.
  • The licensing conditions are intended to facilitate continued re-used and wide availability of the software in both commercial and non-commercial context.

Open Source - The Linux Foundation

The Open Source Initiative (OSI) maintains the Open Source Definition (OSD), and is recognised globally as the authority on certifying whether a license is truly open source. There is no reason why any public body would deviate from the OSD and the OSI certifications of true open source licenses. Whilst there are many open source licenses, the majority of commonly used software uses the same handful of common licenses. This means that the legal and commercial overhead for understanding and managing open source licenses is significantly reduced.

It is common for the open computing community to distinguish between ―free‖ meaning zero-price, and "free" meaning the liberty and guarantees discussed above. To help distinguish the two, the term "libre" is increasingly used for the latter.

There are a variety of licence models for open source, where each licence model has specific terms for the use and modification of code. For this reason, it is important to understand both the specifics of the open source licence in question and how the Department intends to use and redistribute any modified OSS. 12 The most widely known models are:

a. GPL version3, and version 2 is still widely used
b. GNU Lesser General Public Licence (LGPL)
c. BSD Licence
d. Mozilla Public Licence (MPL)
e. Apache Licence

Examples of Open Source - The Linux Foundation

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